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BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES

The Harappan Civilization : Urban Planning , Culture and Legacy

Bricks, Beads and Bones – The Harappan Civilization

Harappan Civilization is:-

One of the Oldest urban civilisations
It was flourished in 2600-1900 BCE
It is also known as Indus Valley Civilisation.

DISCOVERY:-

First site found- Harappa(Punjab, Pakistan)
Discovery in mid -19th century by British engineers during railway construction
It was formally excavated by JOHN MARSHALL & other archaeologists

Name”Harappan” - Because Harappa was the first discovered site.

EXTENT:-

It covers most parts of India , Pakistan and , Afghanistan.
It is one of the largest ancient civilisations(alongside Egypt& Mesopotamia).

HARAPPAN SEAL

Subsistence Strategies

Food= Harappans ate a wide range of plants and animals products, including fish. Archaeo-Botanist found the finds of charred, grains and seeds grains found at Harappan sites, including weight, barley, lentil, chickpea and sesame.They are found from sites in Gujarat. Rice were relatively rare.

Animals= Animal bones were found at Harappan sites, including cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo, and pig. Archaeo-zoologist indicate that animals were domesticated at that time. Bones of wild species like boar, deer and gharial were found and bones of fish and fowl were also found.

Agriculture Technologies= Representations on sales and terracotta sculpture indicated that Bull was known , and oxen wew used for ploughing. Terracotta models of plough have been found in Cholistan and Banawali (Haryana). Archaeologists found the evidence of flowing field in Kalibangan in Rajasthan.

Field= field has two sets of furrows at right angles to each other. It suggested that two crops can be grown together. Traces of canals were found in Harappan sites of Shortughai in Afghanistan. Water reservoirs found in Dholavira in Gujarat, was used to store water for agriculture.

Mohenjodaro(A Planned Urban City)

The settlement at Mohanjodaro is divided into two sections, smaller but higher and other much larger, but lower. This is also known as the Citadel.

The Citadel:-

buildings were constructed on mud brick platform.
It was walled
Lower town was also walled. Several buildings were built on platforms, which served as foundations.
Sun-dried or baked bricks were used with a standardised ratio where the length and breath were four times and twice the height, respectively
Great bath was large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by corridor on all four sides
The Citadel includes a massive structure of warehouse which has lower brick portions remain while the upper portion is probably over decade long ago and great bath